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운동학(kinesiology)

<운동학> -뉴먼 kinesiology ;가동관절(synovial joint)

by granola 2021. 11. 30.
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인체 관절들의 기본 구조와 기능-

관절의 종류

Image Credit: https://www.brainkart.com/article/Types-of-joints_33251/     https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/types-of-synovial-joints/

Synarthroses(부동관절) and diarthroses( 움직이는 관절,가동관절=윤활관절)

Diarthrosis= Synovial joint

부동관절 가동관절=윤활관절, 활막성 관절
Synarthrosis diarthrosis= Synovial joint
움직이지 않는관절 움직이는 관절
관절낭이 없음 관절낭, 주머니가 있음
섬유관절 존재(sutures of the skull=봉합)  
연골관절 존재
 (symphysis pubis=
두덩결합,치골 결합)
 

가동관절과 관계되는 요소들(always)

·       Synovial fluid-윤활 4

·       Articular cartilage-관절 연골 5

·       Joint capsule-관절 주머니2

·       Synovial membrane-윤활 3

·       Ligaments-인대 1

·       Blood vessels-혈관-뼈까지 분포

·       Sensory nerves-신경-근육까지 분포

 

윤활 관절과 관계되는 요소들(sometimes)

·       Intra-articular discs(척추에 존재) or meniscus-반달 연골(무릎에 존재)

·       Peripheral labrum-관절 테두리(관절순) ex> slap

·       Fat pads-지방 덩이

·       Bursa-근육과 사이에 마찰을 줄여주는 역할(윤활 주머니=점액낭)

·       Synovial plicae-관절 안에 주름이 생성되어 있는

 

 

출처-동아백과

Tendon=힘줄

 

synovial joint

CALSSFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON MECHANICAL ANALOGY

역학적 유사성으로 인해 우리 몸의 윤활관절을 7가지로 세분해서 말하고 있다.

  primary angular motions-자유도 mechanical analogy-역학적 유사성 anatomic examples  
hinge
joint
경첩관절
flexion and extension only door hinge humero-ulna
joint
interphalangeal
joint
 
pivot joint
(
중쇠관절)
the spinning of one member around
a single axis of rotation(1
)
Doorknob humeroradial
joint
atlanto(C1)-axial joint(c2)(
목뼈관절,경추)-spin 움직임이 나타난다
annular ligament
Ellipsoid
joint
타원관절
Biplanar motion(2가지 자유도)
 (flexion-extension and abduction-adduction)
flattened convex ellipsoid paired
with a concave trough
radiocarpal joint(노뼈, 손목관절)  
ball-and-socket joint
절구관절
triplanar motion (flexion-extension, abduction and adduction
internal-external rotation)(3
)
spherical convex surface paired with a concave cup Glenohumeral
joint
coxfemoral (hip) joint
 
plane
joint
평면관절
typical motions include a slide or combine slide and rotation relatively flat surfaces opposing each other like a book on a table intercarpal or intertarsal joints
Carpometacarpal joints of digit II-V
accessory movement 부수적인 움직임이라 크게 중요하게 생각되지는 않음
saddle
joint
안장 관절
Biplanar motion(2가지 자유도)
 (spin between bones is possible but may be limited by the interlocking nature of the joint)
each member has a reciprocally curved
concave and convex surface oriented at right angles to the other, like a horse rider and a saddle
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb sternoclavicular joint(SC) 볼록한 가로면과 오목한 세로면이 만나는 것을 안장 관절이라고 한다.
서로 직각으로 만나서 이루고 있다.
Condyloid joint
융기관절
Biplanar motion; either flexion-extension and abduction-adduction or flexion-extension and axial rotation(internal-external rotation) The mostly spherical convex surface that is enlarged in one dimension like a knuckle; paired with a shallow concave cup metacarpophalangeal joint
Tibiofemoral(knee) joint
 

hinge joint
경첩관절

pivot joint
(
중쇠관절)

Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.

Ellipsoid joint
(타원관절)

Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.

ball-and-socket joint
절구관절

Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.

plane joint
평면관절

Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.

saddle joint
안장 관절

Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.\
Neumann. Donald A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3rd Ed). 2016.

 

Simplifying the classification of synovial joints: Ovoid (타원형의)and Saddle joints

실제사례

1.       융기관절 vs 절구 관절 vs 타원관절 모양은  비슷하다( 한쪽면은 볼록 한쪽면은 오목)

2.       평면관절(손목뼈 사이 관절, 발목뼈 사이 관절)-slide& spin 움직임이 나온다

****손목뼈-손에 대한 연구는 미세한 연구가  필요하다****

관절을 안장 형과 달걀형으로 나누어서 단순화 시킨다

달걀형

안장형

평면관절 or 중쇠 관절을 따로 언급하지 않는 이상, 다른 관절들은 convex 와 concave 가 만나는 관절로 인지하면 된다.

AXIS OF ROTATION

INSTANTANEOUS AXIS OF ROTATION

PICR(path of instantaneous center of rotation),ICR

순간적인 돌림 =축폐선

>Knee  full extension 에서 flexion  될때 돌림축을 축폐선 (OKC)

> Tibia  고정되어있을때는 (CKC)

Neumann, Donald A, kinesiology 3rd edition, 2016

 

 

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